危险废物规范化管理措施研究

危险废物对人类和环境能产生极大的危害,具有"废物"和"资源"的双重属性。危险废物环境管理是从其产生、收集、贮存、转移、处置利用的全过程管理。文章阐述了危险废物的管理现状和特点,结合当前危险废物规范化管理面临的严峻形势,从完善法律法规体系、摸清危险废物底数、提升企业危险废物管理水平、推进危险废物处置项目建设、加强监管能力建设、加强宣传培训等方面提出了一些行之有效的合理化建议、对策,以更好地促进危险废物的管理工作。     

海南省规模化畜禽养殖场污染防治现状调查与减排对策研究

近年来,随着规模化畜禽养殖业的发展,畜禽养殖业污染已成为农村环境污染的重要来源之一。本文通过对海南省规模化畜禽养殖污染及防治现状调研,归纳了海南省畜禽养殖污染防治的主要技术模式及存在的主要问题,并从过程控制、循环利用和末端治理等技术上提出了海南省畜禽污染防治的对策,从而对全面完成海南省"十二五"主要污染物总量减排目标,有效防治畜禽养殖污染,促进生态旅游岛建设具有重要意义。     

塔山水库入库河流水质污染状况调查与评价研究

对连云港市赣榆区唯一的集中式地表水饮用水源地塔山水库的青口河、旦头河、汪子头河等三条入库河流布设监测点,开展连续12个月的水质状况现场调查和实验室分析.研究项目选择氨氮、总氮、总磷、叶绿素、透明度、pH、溶解氧、电导率、高锰酸盐指数、悬浮物共10个指标,重点分析氨氮、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数4项指标.研究认为调查时期塔山水库水质处于中度及以上富营养化水平,库区主要污染来自入库河水.     

武汉市秸秆燃烧VOCs排放估算及管理对策

秸秆燃烧是我国人为源挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)排放的重要来源之一,其排放对气候变化和人体健康都有很大影响.对该来源VOCs排放量的可靠估算是在区域或城市范围内进行排放效应分析和污染控制的重要前提.根据2005~2011年武汉市农作物的总产量,采用排放因子分析法估算了武汉市及主要6个农作物产区的秸秆燃烧VOCs的排放量,并分别计算其耕地排放强度(I c)和区域排放强度(I r).结果表明,武汉市2005~2011年年均秸秆燃烧VOCs排放量约为(3 163±139)t,I c和I r分别为(1.52±0.06)t·km-2和(0.37±0.02)t·km-2.粮食类和油料类农作物秸秆燃烧是主要的排放源,需优先控制7大类21种VOCs物质.武汉市分区VOCs排放量从大到小排序依次为黄陂区、新洲区、江夏区、蔡甸区、汉南区、东西湖区,前4个区的排放总量占到武汉市的近九成.江夏区、汉南区、黄陂区和新洲区应作为秸秆燃烧VOCs排放的优先控制区,尤其是能作为全国代表性的江夏区,应引起高度重视.在进行区域或城市范围的秸秆燃烧产生污染物质的生态风险评价时,该污染物的I c和I r都是需要考虑的重要基础数据.最后,提出大力发展农村秸秆资源综合循环经济利用是解决区域或城市范围内秸秆燃烧产生环境问题的可行之径.     

衡水市道路交通环境颗粒物污染特性及控制对策研究

针对衡水市机动车污染问题,本文选择衡水市代表性路段,对其进行了实验,如采样点的确定、采样时间和频率、监测方法及标准和使用的实验仪器,得到了结果与分析,如交通环境中PM10和TSP的变化特征、PM10/TSP比值和交通环境中PM10和TSP的影响因素分析,并提出衡水市道路交通环境空气污染控制措施,主要是完善城市交通和城市规划、城市绿化、发展清洁能源、完善管理体制和加强交通管理宣传教育,给出了切实可行的改善和控制措施.     

城市环境污染治理设施与社会管理的研究

中国城市环境管理模式虽然有了很大进步,但存在资金的较大压力,使城市环境的运营能力薄弱、工作质量不佳等问题,这些问题阻碍了城市环境污染治理工作.尤其是起步较晚的市场化管理模式,虽然已能够实现城市环境污染治理与社会管理,但管理水平还处于较低的现状,建议通过加强城市环境的法制建设、建立激励政策、加强对运营机构的监管,采取双赢机制,来提高环境污染治理与社会运营管理的市场化.     

石英砂加工企业职业病危害防护措施与管理对策研究

通过对安徽省石英砂加工企业生产工艺流程和现场进行调查分析,得出矽尘和噪声是两种最主要的职业病危害因素,发现石英砂生产企业矽尘和噪声危害十分严重,生产作业现场未配备任何防护装备和个人防护用品,作业人员接触职业病危害的比率非常高。分析了石英砂加工企业在职业病危害防护与管理方面的欠缺与不足,提出了针对矽尘和噪声危害因素的具体工程防护措施与管理对策,从源头控制和消除职业病危害,保护劳动者的生命安全与健康。     

Older Adults at Increased Risk as Pedestrians in Victoria,Australia: An Examination of Crash Characteristics and Injury Outcomes

Objectives: Engaging in active transport modes (especially walking) is a healthy and environmentally friendly alternative to driving and may be particularly beneficial for older adults. However, older adults are a vulnerable group: they are at higher risk of injury compared with younger adults, mainly due to frailty and may be at increased risk of collision due to the effects of age on sensory, cognitive, and motor abilities. Moreover, our population is aging, and there is a trend for the current cohort of older adults to maintain mobility later in life compared with previous cohorts. Though these trends have serious implications for transport policy and safety, little is known about the contributing factors and injury outcomes of pedestrian collision. Further, previous research generally considers the older population as a homogeneous group and rarely considers the increased risks associated with continued ageing.

Method: Collision characteristics and injury outcomes for 2 subgroups of older pedestrians (65–74 years and 75+ years) were examined by extracting data from the state police–reported crash dataset and hospital admission/emergency department presentation data over the 10-year period between 2003 and 2012. Variables identified for analysis included pedestrian characteristics (age, gender, activity, etc.), crash location and type, injury characteristics and severity, and duration of hospital stay. A spatial analysis of crash locations was also undertaken to identify collision clusters and the contribution of environmental features on collision and injury risk.

Results: Adults over 65 years were involved in 21% of all pedestrian collisions. A high fatality rate was found among older adults, particularly for those aged 75 years and older: this group had 3.2 deaths per 100,000 population, compared to a rate of 1.3 for 65- to 74-year-olds and 0.7 for adults below 65 years of age. Older pedestrian injuries were most likely to occur while crossing the carriageway; they were also more likely to be injured in parking lots, at driveway intersections, and on sidewalks compared to younger cohorts. Spatial analyses revealed older pedestrian crash clusters on arterial roads in urban shopping precincts. Significantly higher rates of hospital admissions were found for pedestrians over the age of 75 years and for abdominal, head, and neck injuries; conversely, older adults were underrepresented in emergency department presentations (mainly lower and upper extremity injuries), suggesting an increased severity associated with older pedestrian injuries. Average length of hospital stay also increased with increasing age.

Conclusion: This analysis revealed age differences in collision risk and injury outcomes among older adults and that aggregate analysis of older pedestrians can distort the significance of risk factors associated with older pedestrian injuries. These findings have implications that extend to the development of engineering, behavioral, and enforcement countermeasures to address the problems faced by the oldest pedestrians and reduce collision risk and improve injury outcomes.     

平原河网地区非点源污染风险差异化分区防控研究

土地利用优化和空间防控策略对非点源污染风险控制及水环境质量的改善具有重要意义。本文以太湖流域典型平原河网地区-上海市青浦区为研究对象,将灰色线性规划模型与最小累积阻力模型相结合,以控制非点源污染风险和增加经济效益、生态效益为目标,进行土地利用结构优化与空间分区防控研究,在空间上划设了水资源保育区、水资源重点防护区、非点源污染一般阻控区、非点源污染中等阻控区及非点源污染重点阻控区,并针对不同分区提出具有针对性的防控措施。与2012年相比,预测2020年优化防控方案下,可减少总氮、总磷的输出10.96%和41.33%。由此表明,优化土地利用结构和构建空间差异化防控机制是有效调控非点源污染风险,实现区域可持续土地利用,促进经济发展和保证生态环境安全的有效途径。     

浅谈我国推行排污许可制度难点及对策

我国排污许可制度推行已有二十余年,但由于在政策设计层面、技术支撑层面及配套保障层面尚有不足之处,排污许可制度在推行过程中遇到很多阻碍,排污许可制度的应用范围、实施效果和改革举措实际落地都还不尽如人意,依然处于难以推广的境地。本文基于对以上各层面存在问题的深入分析,进而指出目前阻碍排污许可制度推行的难点问题及具体成因,其中难点问题主要包括专项法律法规缺失、管理要求落地难、各方权责落实难、多套数据并行、排放标准滞后、部分行业标准缺失、与环境目标未建立响应关系、管理方式落后、数据支撑和人员配备不足等方面。根据前述问题的论证,本文相应提出了推进排污许可制度改革的各项对策措施,并建议排污许可制度应形成上下联动的工作格局,进一步夯实技术支撑基础和完善配套保障措施,以期助力排污许可制度各项改革举措的实际落地,更好地推进排污许可制度的有效实施,建立系统完整、权责清晰、监管有效的管理格局,最终实现排污许可"一证式"管理模式。